1.Cohen, A. J. et al. Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015. Lancet 389, 1907–1918 (2017).PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 2.Burnett, R. et al. Global estimates of mortality associated with long-term exposure to outdoor fine particulate matter. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 9592 (2018).ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 3.Health Effects Institute. State of Global Air 2019, https://www.stateofglobalair.org/sites/default/files/soga_2019_report.pdf (2019).4.Al-Kindi, S. G., Brook, R. D., Biswal, S. & Rajagopalan, S. Environmental determinants of cardiovascular disease: lessons learned from air pollution. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 17, 656–672 (2020).5.Zanobetti, A., Franklin, M., Koutrakis, P. & Schwartz, J. Fine particulate air pollution and its components in association with cause-specific emergency admissions. Environ. Health 8, 58 (2009).PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 6.Peng, R. D. et al. Emergency admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and the chemical composition of fine particle air pollution. Environ. Health Perspect. 117, 957–963 (2009).CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 7.Dominici, F. et al. Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 295, 1127–1134 (2006).CAS Google Scholar 8.Pope, C. A. et al. Cardiovascular mortality and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution. Circulation 109, 71–77 (2004).PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 9.Bell, M. L., Dominici, F., Ebisu, K., Zeger, S. L. & Samet, J. M. Spatial and temporal variation in PM2.5 chemical composition in the United States for health effects studies. Environ. Health Perspect. 115, 989–995 (2007).CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 10.Goldstein, A. H. & Galbally, I. E. Known and unexplored organic constituents in the Earth’s atmosphere. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41, 1514–1521 (2007).ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 11.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Integrated Science Assessment (ISA) for Particulate Matter. Report No. EPA/600/R-19/188 (2019).12.Attwood, A. R. et al. Trends in sulfate and organic aerosol mass in the Southeast U.S.: Impact on aerosol optical depth and radiative forcing. Geophys. Res. Lett. 41, 7701–7709 (2014).ADS Google Scholar 13.Xu, L. et al. Experimental and model estimates of the contributions from biogenic monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes to secondary organic aerosol in the southeastern United States. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 18, 12613–12637 (2018).ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 14.Shah, V. et al. Widespread pollution from secondary sources of organic aerosols during winter in the northeastern United States. Geophys. Res. Lett. 46, 2974–2983 (2019).ADS CAS Google Scholar 15.Volkamer, R. et al. Secondary organic aerosol formation from anthropogenic air pollution: Rapid and higher than expected. Geophys. Res. Lett. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026899 (2006).16.Hayes, P. L. et al. Organic aerosol composition and sources in Pasadena, California, during the 2010 CalNex campaign. J. Geophys. Res. -Atmos. 118, 9233–9257 (2013).ADS Google Scholar 17.Jimenez, J. L. et al. Evolution of organic aerosols in the atmosphere. Science 326, 1525 (2009).ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 18.Di, Q. et al. Air pollution and mortality in the medicare population. New Engl. J. Med. 376, 2513–2522 (2017).CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 19.Zhang, W. et al. Triggering of cardiovascular hospital admissions by fine particle concentrations in New York state: Before, during, and after implementation of multiple environmental policies and a recession. Environ. Pollut. 242, 1404–1416 (2018).CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 20.Pye, H. O. T. et al. Epoxide pathways improve model predictions of isoprene markers and reveal key role of acidity in aerosol formation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 11056–11064 (2013).ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 21.Pye, H. O. T. et al. Anthropogenic enhancements to production of highly oxygenated molecules from autoxidation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 6641 (2019).ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 22.Pye, H. O. T. et al. Modeling the current and future roles of particulate organic nitrates in the southeastern United States. Environ. Sci. Technol. 49, 14195–14203 (2015).ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 23.Singh, G. K., Azuine, R. E., Siahpush, M. & Williams, S. D. Widening geographical disparities in cardiovascular disease mortality in the United States, 1969-2011. Int. J. MCH AIDS 3, 134–149 (2015).PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 24.Lanska, D. J. & Kuller, L. H. The geography of stroke mortality in the United States and the concept of a stroke belt. Stroke 26, 1145–1149 (1995).CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 25.Glymour, M. M., Kosheleva, A. & Boden-Albala, B. Birth and adult residence in the Stroke Belt independently predict stroke mortality. Neurology 73, 1858–1865 (2009).PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 26.Pye, H. O. T. et al. On the implications of aerosol liquid water and phase separation for organic aerosol mass. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17, 343–369 (2017).ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 27.Murphy, B. N. et al. Semivolatile POA and parameterized total combustion SOA in CMAQv5.2: impacts on source strength and partitioning. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17, 11107–11133 (2017).ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 28.U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development. CMAQ (Version 5.3.1), https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3585898 (2019).29.Appel, K. W. et al. The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model versions 5.3 and 5.3.1: system updates and evaluation. Geosci. Model Dev. 14, 2867–2897 (2021).ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 30.Mostofsky, E. et al. Modeling the association between particle constituents of air pollution and health outcomes. Am. J. Epidemiol. 176, 317–326 (2012).PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 31.Baltensperger, U. et al. Combined determination of the chemical composition and of health effects of secondary organic aerosols: The POLYSOA project. J. Aerosol Med. Pulm. Drug Deliv. 21, 145–154 (2008).CAS Google Scholar 32.Nel, A. Air pollution-related illness: effects of particles. Science 308, 804 (2005).CAS Google Scholar 33.Ayres, J. G. et al. Evaluating the toxicity of airborne particulate matter and nanoparticles by measuring oxidative stress potential—A workshop report and consensus statement. Inhal. Toxicol. 20, 75–99 (2008).CAS Google Scholar 34.Shiraiwa, M. et al. Aerosol health effects from molecular to global scales. Environ. Sci. Technol. 51, 13545–13567 (2017).ADS CAS Google Scholar 35.Bates, J. T. et al. Review of acellular assays of ambient particulate matter oxidative potential: Methods and relationships with composition, sources, and health effects. Environ. Sci. Technol. 53, 4003–4019 (2019).ADS CAS Google Scholar 36.Kramer, A. J. et al. Assessing the oxidative potential of isoprene-derived epoxides and secondary organic aerosol. Atmos. Environ. 130, 211–218 (2016).ADS CAS Google Scholar 37.Jiang, H., Jang, M., Sabo-Attwood, T. & Robinson, S. E. Oxidative potential of secondary organic aerosols produced from photooxidation of different hydrocarbons using outdoor chamber under ambient sunlight. Atmos. Environ. 131, 382–389 (2016).ADS CAS Google Scholar 38.Tuet, W. Y. et al. Chemical oxidative potential of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) generated from the photooxidation of biogenic and anthropogenic volatile organic compounds. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17, 839–853 (2017).ADS CAS Google Scholar 39.Chowdhury, P. H. et al. Exposure of lung epithelial cells to photochemically aged secondary organic aerosol shows increased toxic effects. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 5, 424–430 (2018).CAS Google Scholar 40.Lin, Y.-H. et al. Gene expression profiling in human lung cells exposed to isoprene-derived secondary organic aerosol. Environ. Sci. Technol. 51, 8166–8175 (2017).ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 41.Bates, J. T. et al. Source impact modeling of spatiotemporal trends in PM2.5 oxidative potential across the eastern United States. Atmos. Environ. 193, 158–167 (2018).ADS CAS Google Scholar 42.Huang, M., Ivey, C., Hu, Y., Holmes, H. A. & Strickland, M. J. Source apportionment of primary and secondary PM2.5: associations with pediatric respiratory disease emergency department visits in the U.S. State of Georgia. Environ. Int. 133, 105167 (2019).CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 43.Qin, M. et al. Criteria pollutant impacts of volatile chemical products informed by near-field modelling. Nat. Sustain. 4, 129–137 (2021). Google Scholar 44.Do, K. et al. A data-driven approach for characterizing community scale air pollution exposure disparities in inland Southern California. J. Aerosol Sci. 152, 105704 (2021).ADS CAS Google Scholar 45.Ostro, B. et al. Assessing long-term exposure in the California Teachers Study. Environ. Health Perspect. 119, A242–A243 (2011). Google Scholar 46.Thurston, G. D. et al. Ischemic heart disease mortality and long-term exposure to source-related components of U.S. fine particle air pollution. Environ. Health Perspect. 124, 785–794 (2016).CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 47.Ng, N. L. et al. An Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) for routine monitoring of the composition and mass concentrations of ambient aerosol. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 45, 780–794 (2011).ADS CAS Google Scholar 48.El-Sayed, M. M. H., Amenumey, D. & Hennigan, C. J. Drying-induced evaporation of secondary organic aerosol during summer. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50, 3626–3633 (2016).ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 49.Reggente, M., Dillner, A. M. & Takahama, S. Analysis of functional groups in atmospheric aerosols by infrared spectroscopy: systematic intercomparison of calibration methods for US measurement network samples. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 12, 2287–2312 (2019).CAS Google Scholar 50.Ward‐Caviness, C. K. et al. Associations between long‐term fine particulate matter exposure and mortality in heart failure patients. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 9, e012517 (2020).PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 51.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Control of Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles: Tier 3 Motor Vehicle Emission and Fuel Standards Final Rule: Regulatory Impact Analysis. Report No. EPA-420-R-14-005, (2014).52.Li, M. et al. Air quality co-benefits of carbon pricing in China. Nat. Clim. Change 8, 398–403 (2018).ADS Google Scholar 53.Zhang, Y. et al. Long-term trends in the ambient PM2.5- and O3-related mortality burdens in the United States under emission reductions from 1990 to 2010. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 18, 15003–15016 (2018).ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 54.Silva, R. A. et al. The effect of future ambient air pollution on human premature mortality to 2100 using output from the ACCMIP model ensemble. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 16, 9847–9862 (2016).ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 55.Chen, H. et al. Understanding the joint impacts of fine particulate matter concentration and composition on the incidence and mortality of cardiovascular disease: A component-adjusted approach. Environ. Sci. Technol. 54, 4388–4399 (2020).ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 56.Ou, Y., West, J. J., Smith, S. J., Nolte, C. G. & Loughlin, D. H. Air pollution control strategies directly limiting national health damages in the US. Nat. Commun. 11, 957 (2020).ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 57.Dedoussi, I. C., Eastham, S. D., Monier, E. & Barrett, S. R. H. Premature mortality related to United States cross-state air pollution. Nature 578, 261–265 (2020).ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 58.Li, C. et al. Trends in chemical composition of global and regional population-weighted fine particulate matter estimated for 25 years. Environ. Sci. Technol. 51, 11185–11195 (2017).ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 59.Chan, E. A. W., Gantt, B. & McDow, S. The reduction of summer sulfate and switch from summertime to wintertime PM2.5 concentration maxima in the United States. Atmos. Environ. 175, 25–32 (2018).ADS CAS Google Scholar 60.Pebesma, E. J. & Bivand, R. S. Classes and methods for spatial data in in R. R News. Vol. 5, p. 9–13 (2005).61.Original S code by Richard A. Becker and Allan R. Wilks. R version by Ray Brownrigg. Enhancements by Thomas P Minka and Alex Deckmyn. maps: Draw Geographical Maps https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=maps (2018).62.Bivand, R. & Lewin-Koh, N. maptools: Tools for Handling Spatial Objects https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=maptools (2019).63.Chamblee, J. Geocodes USA with Counties https://data.healthcare.gov/dataset/Geocodes-USA-with-Counties/52wv-g36 (2013).64.Spada, N. J. & Hyslop, N. P. Comparison of elemental and organic carbon measurements between IMPROVE and CSN before and after method transitions. Atmos. Environ. 178, 173–180 (2018).ADS CAS Google Scholar 65.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics. Compressed Mortality File 1999-2016 on CDC WONDER Online Database, released June 2017. Data are from the Compressed Mortality File 1999-2016 Series 20 No.2U, 2016, as compiled from data provided by the 7 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. Accessed 22 March 2020, http://wonder.cdc.gov/cmf-icd10.html (2017).66.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics. Compressed Mortality File: Age-Adjusted Rates. https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/help/cmf.html#Age-Adjusted%20Rates (2020).67.Otte, T. L. & Pleim, J. E. The Meteorology-Chemistry Interface Processor (MCIP) for the CMAQ modeling system: updates through MCIPv3.4.1. Geosci. Model Dev. 3, 243–256 (2010).ADS Google Scholar 68.Remington, P. L., Catlin, B. B. & Gennuso, K. P. The County Health Rankings: rationale and methods. Popul. Health Metr. 13, 11 (2015).PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 69.University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute (UWPHI). County Health Rankings 2018 National Data https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/explore-health-rankings/rankings-data-documentation (2018).70.Wood, S. N. Thin plate regression splines. J. R. Stat. Soc. B. Met. 65, 95–114 (2003).MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar 71.Wood, S. N. Stable and efficient multiple smoothing parameter estimation for generalized additive models. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 99, 673–686 (2004).MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar 72.R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing https://www.R-project.org/ (2020).73.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Air Quality System (AQS) https://www.epa.gov/aqs (2021).74.Pye, H. O. T. Data For Secondary Organic Aerosol And Cardiorespiratory Disease Mortality https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5713903 (2021).Page 2 Nature Communications (Nat Commun) ISSN 2041-1723 (online)
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-27484-1
Secondary organic aerosol association with cardiorespiratory disease mortality in the United States
